தொல்காப்பியம் மற்றும் சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் பாங்கனின் பங்கு

njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghq;fdpd; gq;F

                       த. முத்தமிழ்

தமிழ்த்துறை

உதவிப்பேராசிரியர்

தியாகராசர் கல்லூரி

மதுரை 09

     njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; (ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> mfehD}W) jiytDf;Fj; Jizahd ghq;fdpd; gq;F vd;d vd;Wk;> ghq;fd; vt;thW ciuahLfpwhd; vd;Wk; ghq;fdplk; jiytDk; jiytdplk; ghq;fDk; vt;thW ciuahLfpwhd; vd;Wk; ghq;fDf;Fk; jiytDf;Fk; ,ilNA cs;s cwTepiy vt;thwpUe;jJ vd;wk; fsTfhyj;ijg; gw;wp ,UtuJ fUj;J vd;d vd;Wk; ,f;fl;Liu Muha Kw;gLfpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ghq;fd;

     njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ghq;fd; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wtd:

           “epw;git epid, epfo;git ciug;gpDk;

          Fw;wk; fhl;ba thapy; ngl;gpDk;” (njhy;.fs.99:8-9)

jiytpahy; jdf;F ey;y ,y;ywk; elf;Fnkd;W jiytd; ghq;fdplk; $w> mjw;Fg; ghq;fd; fstpdhy; Vw;gLk; gopghtq;fisj; jiytdplk; $wp ,f;fsT tho;f;if Ntz;lhnkd;W fow> mjw;Fj; jiytd; jd;Dila epiyia vLj;Jiug;ghd;. ,t;tplj;Jg; ghq;fd; “Fw;wk; fhl;ba thapy;”vd;w xU ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk $w;W epfo;j;Jfpwhd;. mt;tplj;Jk; fsT Ntz;lhnkd;Nw ciuf;fpwhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ.       

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghq;fDk; jiytDk;

FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> mfehD}W Nghd;w %d;W E}y;fspYk; jiytd; ghq;fDld; (ghq;fd; tpdtpajw;F) gjpYiuf;Fk; tifapYk; jiytpiag; gw;wpg; NgRk; tifapy; 20 ghly;fSk; ghq;fd; NgRtjhf 2 ghly;fSk; mikfpd;wd.

                      jiytd; $w;W (20 ghly;fs;)

 

Copd;typik      jiytpapd; moFk;          fhkNehapd;   jiytpia kwf;f    jiytpiaf; nrhy;ypaJ(1)     tUj;Jkpay;Gk;      jd;ik        ,ayhj jd;epiy    fhztpUk;Gk;jdJ              nrhy;ypaJ(13)       nrhy;ypaJ(2)     nrhy;ypaJ(2)       Ntl;ifiaf;$wpaJ(2)

Copd; typik    1.fz;>Njhs;(ew;.160>    1.fhkk;fl;Lf;    1.vt;thW kwg;Ngd;     1.jiytpNahL Nru

ahy; tUe;Jjy;    FWe;.184>291>mf.     flq;fhjJ(FWe;.    (FWe;.132)         Ntz;Lk; vd;wMty;

(ew;.185)          140>390)             58)           2.jiytpapd; Njhs;     ciuj;jJ(FWe;.156)

               2.nfhy;ypg;ghit     2.kdJf;Fg;gpbj;j  jPz;ly; ,iaANkh?    2.jiytpapd; nky;ypa

                  (ew;.201)         tu;fisf;fz;lhy;     (FWe;.272)        Nkdpia xUnghOJ

               3.moFrpwg;GilaJ   ntspg;gLtJ                        $lNtz;Lnkdy;(FWe;.280)

                   (mf.130)          (FWe;.136)

               4.fz;>nfhbanjhop

               yhy;mk;gpid xj;

                yhy; mk;gpidxj;

                jts;(FWe;.72)

               5.nkd;ik>td;ik

                  (FWe;.95)

               6.,sik>gw;fs;>

                tisf;if

                vd;id

                tUj;Jfpd;wd

                 (FWe;.119)

               7.Ejy; vd;idg;

               gpzpj;jJ(FEW;.129)

               8.,dpanrhy;>,dpa

                Fzk;(FWe;.206)

               9.jiytpapd; kzk;

                (ew;.95)

Copd; typik nrhy;ypaJ

     jiytpahy; fhkkhdJ msTfle;J ngUf ehd; tUe;Jtijf; fz;Lk; mtSld; $l;Ltpf;f Kaytpy;iynadpy; mJ (me;Neha;)  cd;dhy; te;jjd;W vd; Co;tpidahy; te;jJ (ew;.185)

jiytpapd; moFk; tUj;Jkpay;Gk; nrhy;ypaJ

     jiytpapd; mofpidg; ghuhl;b mt;tofhdJ jd;id vt;thW tUj;JfpwJ vd jiytd; ghq;fdplk; $Wk; tifapy; 13 ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.

     cyfnthOf;fk; mwpe;J xOFtjid Ek;kpDq; fhl;by; ehd; kpFjpahfg; ngw;wpUe;Njd;. jiytpaJ fz;izg; ghu;j;j gpd;du; mitahTk; vd;dplk; ,y;iy (ew;.160)

     jiytpapd; fz;fisf;fz;lhy; ,g;nghUSf;F ,g;nghUs; Vw;wJ vd;W neQ;rkhdJ Muha Kw;glhJ jiytpapd; fz;zplNk jq;fpapUf;Fk;. mjdhy; jiytpapd; rpw;W}uplj;Nj nry;Yjiyj; jtpu;g;ghahf (Mupaturd; aho;gpukjj;jd;> FWe;.184)

     jiytp jpidg;Gdj;jpy; fjpu;fis cz;z tUk; fpspfis tpul;Lk;NghJ mt;tplj;ij tpl;L fpsp mfyhjpUf;Fk;NghJ jiytp mOths;. mq;qdk; jiytpapDila fz;fshdJ Ftiskyupid tz;Lfs; fiyj;jJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk; (fgpyu;>FWe;.291)

     eha; Fiuf;f mjidf; fz;L mQ;rpa jiytpaJ fz;fs; vd;id tUj;jp Neha;f;F cs;shf;fpaJ (mk;%tdhu;>mf.140)

     Nrupaplj;J cg;G tpw;w jiytpaplk; cd; clyplj;Js;s ,d;gj;jpw;F tpiy vd;dNth vd;W jLj;J epWj;jpNdd;. mts; fz;fshy; khWgl;L Nehf;fp vd;idj; jLf;f ePtPu; ahNuh? vd;whs;. mts;nghUl;L vd;neQ;rk; nrd;wJ (mk;%tdhu;>mf.390)

     ez;gNd! eP jiytpia epidj;jhYk; ngww;fupats; mjdhy; mtis epidj;jYk; $lhnjd;wha;. mofpa tbtk; nflhj ghitiag; Nghd;W vd; neQ;rpypUe;J jiytp ePq;Fk; jd;ikas; my;ys; (ew;.201)

     ghq;fNd! eP jiytpaJ ikAz;l fz;fspd; nrUf;fpa ghu;itapid Kd;dNu ghu;j;jpUe;jhy; ,t;thW vd;idf; fow khl;lha; (ntz;fz;zdhu;>mf.130)

     jiytpaJ fz;fs; G+tpidg; Nghd;W RoYk; jd;ikAilas;. ,Ug;gpDk; nfhba njhopyhy; mk;gpid xj;Jj; Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;fpdhs; (ks;sdhu;>FWe;.72)

     FwtDila rpwpa kfspdJ ePiug; Nghd;w nkd;ik jPia xj;j vd; typiaf; nflr; nra;jJ (fgpyu;>FWe;.95)

     ,sikiaAilatSk; Gjpjhf Kisj;njOk; gw;fisAilatSk; tisay; mzpe;j ifapidAilatSk; Mfpa xUj;jp vd;id tUj;jpdhs; (re;jpehjdhu;>FWe;.119)

     vk; NjoNd! xU kfspd; $e;jYf;F maypy; tpsq;Ffpd;w rpwpa new;wpahdJ vk;ikg; gpzpj;jJ (Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;>FWe;.129)

     mwpTilaPNu! jiytpaJ nrhw;fSk; FzKk; Jd;gq;fisj; je;jd. fhkNeha; tupd; jiytpiag; gpuptpd;wp clDiwjy; mupjhFk;. mjdhy; mf;fhkNehiag; ngwhjPu; (IA+u;Kltd;>FWe;.206)

     eWkzk; fkOk; nrhbr;rpahy;jhd; vd; neQ;rk; gpzpg;GilajhdJ. mts; jhd; mg;gpzpia ePf;f Ntz;Lk; (Nfhl;lk;gytdhu;>ew;.95)

fhkNehapd; jd;ik nrhy;ypaJ

     fhkj;jpd; ,ay;igj; jiytd; ghq;fdplk; $Wtjhf ,uz;L ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.

     ez;gNu> eP vd;Dila fhkNehia epWj;jr; nra;a KbAkhdhy; kpf ed;W. Mdhy;> mf;fhkNeha; vq;Fk; gutpaJ. mjid ePf;FtJ vd;gJ mupJ (nts;sptPjpahu;> FWe;.58)

     fhkk; fhkk; vd;W cyfpYs;stu;fs; mjidf; Fiw $Wtu;. mJ tUj;jKk; NehAk; md;W. mJ kpFtJk; FiwtJky;yJ. fz;L kfpo;thiuf; fhzg;ngw;why; mf;fhkkhdJ ntspg;gLk; (kpisg;ngUq;fe;jdhu;>FWe;.136)

jiytpia kwf;ftpayhj jd;epiy nrhy;ypaJ

     jiytpiaj; jd;dhy; kwf;f KbahJ vd;W ghq;fdplk; jiytd; $Wk; nra;jpfs; ,uz;L ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

     fd;whdJ jha;g; gRitf; fhz Ntz;Lnkd;w tpUg;gj;NjhL ,Ug;gJNghy jiytp (vd;id) tpUk;Gts;. Mjyhy; mtis vg;gb kwe;jpUg;Ngd;. mtis kwj;jyupJ (rpiwf;Fb Me;ijahu;>FWe;.132)

     jiytpaJ ikAz;l fz;fisAk; kzq;fko;fpd;w fupa $e;jiyAk; Njhs;fisAk; kPz;Lk; jOt KbANkh? (xUrpiwg;ngupadhu;>FWe;.272)

jiytpiaf; fhz tpUk; Ntl;ifiaf; $wpaJ

     jiytd; jiytpiaf; fhz Ntz;Lnkd;W Ntl;if kpFjpAld; NgRtjhf ,uz;L ghly;fs;(FWe;.156>280) mike;Js;sd.

     ghu;g;gdg; ghq;fNd! Ntjj;ijawpe;j cd;Dila mwpTiufSs;> gpupe;j jiytiuAk; jiytpaiuAk; Nrur;nra;Ak; gupfhuk; ,Uf;fpd;wNjh? mt;thwpUf;Fnkdpd; mjidr; nra;. mjid tpLj;J eP vd;idf; fowhNj. mt;thW foWjy; kaf;fj;jhy; te;jJ (ghz;bad; Vdhjp neLq;fz;zdhu;>FWe;.156)

     ez;gNu> jiytpaJ Nkdpia xUnghOJ $lf;$Lkhapd; gpd;du;> ehd; miuehs; thOksT tho;f;ifiaNaDk; thotpUk;gtpy;iy (ef;fPuu;>FWe;.280)

     jiytd; $w;wpy; mike;j 20 ghly;fspy; 15 ghly;fs; (ew;.160>FWe;.184>291>mf.140>390>ew;.201>mf.130>FWe;.72>95>119>129>206>ew;.95>FWe;.272>280)jiytpaJ mofpidg; ghuhl;bf; $WtjhfNt mikfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; mk;%tdhupd; (mf.390) ghlypy; jiytd; jiytpaplk; cd; clypd; ,d;gj;jpw;F tpiy vd;dNth vd;W tpdTtJ kw;w ghly;fspypUe;J NtWghlhf mike;Js;sJ. ,g;ghly; jiytdJ ,ay;igf; (clyplj;Js;s ,d;gj;jpw;F tpiy vd;dntd;W Nfl;gjdhy;) rw;Wf; Fiwg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

     jiytpapd; moifg; ghuhl;lhj kw;w 5 ghly;fspy; 2 ghly;fs; fhkNehapd; jd;ik $wp jiytpia kwf;ftpayhJ vd;W Fwpg;ghff; $Wtjhf xU ghlYk; (FWe;.58)> fhkk; gw;wpa nghJthd fUj;ijf; $Wtjhf xU ghlYk; (FWe;.136) mike;Js;sd. vq;fisr; Nru;j;Jitf;f cjtpnra; mjidtpLj;J fowhNj vd;W $Wtjhf xU ghlYk; (FWe;.156)> Copdhy;jhd; ehd;; jiytpiag; gpupe;js;Nsd; vd;W $Wtjhf xU ghlYk; (ew;.185) mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; rpiwf;Fb Me;ijahupd; (FWe;.132) ghlypy; jiytp jd;kPJ mjPj tpUg;gj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwhs;. mjdhy; mtis kwj;jypayhJ vd;W $Wk; ghlYk; NtWghlhf mike;Js;sJ. Vt;thnwdpd;> fstpd; njhlf;fepiyfspy; jiytNd jiytp kPJ mjpf tpUg;gj;Jld; fhzg;gLthd;. Mdhy;> ,g;ghlyhdJ jiytpapd; md;G jiytidf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; jiytpia kwj;jnyd;gJ mupJ vd;W $WtJ rw;W khWghlhf cs;sJ.

ghq;fd; $w;W

     ghq;fd; jiytDila fsnthOf;fk; njupe;jgpd;du; fhkj;jpd; ,ay;gpidf; $wp fsnthOf;fk; jfhjJ vd;W $Wk; tifapy; ,uz;L ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.

     fhkkhdJ jd;idr; rpwpJk; ed;W vd czuhjtuplj;Jk; type;J nrd;W Fiwapue;J epw;Fk; ngupa klikia cilajhFk;. mjdhy;> jiytNd (jiytpiaNa vz;zpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;) cdf;F ,J jfhj nranyd;W ghq;fd; jiytid ,bj;Jiuf;fpd;whd; (ef;fPudhu;: FWe;.78)

     jiytNd> fhkNehapd; ,ay;gwpahjtu; mjw;fQ;rp nkyptu;. mjDila ,ay;ig Muhapd; Kjpuhj ,sk;Gy;iy KjpagR ehtpidf; nfhz;L ef;fpaJ Nghd;w GJikAilaNj fhkk; (kpisg;ngUq;fe;jd;: FWe;.204)

     ghq;fd;  $w;Wg; ghly;fs; ,uz;Lk; fhkNehapd; ,ay;igf; $wp mJ tUj;JtJ klikAilaJ> cau;thdnjhd;wy;y vd;Wk; mjdhy; gadpy;iy vd;Wk; $Wfpwhd;. Mdhy; jiytd; fhkj;ijg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fspy; (FWe;.58>136) mjid cau;j;jpNaf; $Wfpwhd;.

KbTfs;

     ,Jtiu fz;l Ma;tpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghq;fd; gw;wp tUk; ghly;fs; 22 MFk;;. mjpy; 11 ghly;fs; (ew;.201>mf.130>FWe;.129>206>58>156>280>ew;.185>160>FWe;.184>132) jiytd; ghq;fdplk; ciuahLgitahf mikfpd;wd. 2 ghly;fs; (FWe;.78>204) ghq;fd; $w;whfNt mikfpd;wd. 9 ghly;fs; (FWe;.291>72>95>119>136>272>ew;.95>mf.140>390>) ciuahrpupau;fspd; ghu;itapy; jiytd; ghq;fDld; ciuahLtjhfTk;> ghq;fd; tpdTtjw;Fg; gjpYiug;gjhfTk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; mt;nthd;gJ ghly;fSk; ghq;fd; NgRtjhf vf;Fwpg;Gkpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ. Jiwf;Fwpg;G vOjpa ciuahrpupau;fspd; ghu;itapy;> jiytd; jiytpiag; gw;wpf; $WtJ ghq;fdplk; (m) neQ;rplk; jhd; $wpapUf;f KbAk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; ciuahrpupau;fs; ghq;fdplk; jhd; jiytd; $wpAs;shd; vd;W Jiwf;Fwpg;G> ciu vOjpAs;sdu; NghYk;. NkYk;> jiytd; ghq;fdplk; ciuahLgitahf cs;s 11 ghly;fspy; 7 ghly;fs; (ew;.201>mf.130>FWe;.129>206>58>156>280) kl;Lk; ghq;fid ntspg;gilahf tpspg;gitahf mike;Js;sd. 4 ghly;fs; (ew;.185>160>FWe;.184>132) jiytd; ghq;fid Neubahf tpspf;fhJ Mdhy;> ciuahLk; tifapy; mike;Js;sd.

     rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghq;fd; $w;W Njhop $w;wpd; mstpw;F mikatpy;iy. mt;thW mikahjjw;Ff; fhuzk; fsTfhyk; Ntz;lhk; my;yJ fstpy; <Lgl;l jiytidf; foWtjhfTk; fstpdhy; gopghtq;;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;W $Wtjdhy; ghq;fdpd; $w;W ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W vz;z KbfpwJ. mftho;f;if vd;whNy ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jiytd; jiytpapd; fsT tho;f;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhfNt mikfpd;wd. mjidNa mf;fstpidNa ghq;fd; Ntz;lhnkd;W $WtjdhYk; mf;fstpdhy; gopghtNk Vw;gLk; vd;W $WtjdhYk; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzq;fspy; ghq;fdpd; $w;W mjpfk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;W vz;z KbfpwJ.

     ghq;fidj; jiytd; ghu;g;gdg;ghq;fd; (FWe;.156) vd;Wk;> mwpTilaPNu (FWe;.206) vd;Wk; miof;fpd;whd;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l 22 ghly;fspd;; mbg;gilapy; ghq;fdhdtd; jiytd; jiytpiar; re;jpf;f cjtpGupatpy;iy vd;gJk;> khwhf fstpid kwj;;J mJ ey;yjd;W vd kWj;Jiug;gjhfTk; ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. mjdhy; jhd; ,yf;fzq;fspYk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; jiytdpd; Njhod; mjpfk; Ngrg;glhky; jiytpapd; Njhop mjpfk; Ngrg;gLfpwhs; vd vz;z ,lkspf;fpwJ.